ABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction: According to the World Health Organization, livestock farming is one of the anthropic activities in which workers are exposed to various zoonotic agents. Objectives: To establish the frequency of seropositivity (IgG antibodies) against some zoonotic agents in people with occupational exposure to livestock in San Pedro de los Milagros (Antioquia), and to analyze associated factors. Materials and methods: Descriptive study carried out on a population of 328 cattle farmers. Demographic data were collected and the seropositivity frequency of IgG antibodies to Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia chaffensis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Coxiella burnetii, Francisella tularensis, Brucella abortus, Brucella suis, Leptospira interrogans, and Toxoplasma gondii was determined. Overall and specific prevalence, prevalence ratios and binary logistic regressions were estimated. Results: The highest seropositivity frequencies were 47.6% for T. gondii, 33.5% for B. burgdorferi and 13% for E. chaffensis. The prevalence of T. gondii and B. burgdorferi had statistical association with sex [RP:1.3 (CI:1.0-1.8) and 2.0 (CI:1.1-3.9) respectively], and age group [(RP:1.5 (CI:1.2-1,9) and 2.5 (CI:1.4-6.4) respectively]. In workers with more than 10 years of related work experience, statistical association was 50% [RP:1.5 (CI:1.2-1.9) and 2.5 (CI:1.6-2.3), respectively]. There were no seropositive results for B. abortus, B. suis, B. bovis and B. bigemina. Conclusions: Exposure to some zoonotic agents was evidenced. This is determinant for the knowledge of tropical zoonotic diseases transmitted by vectors in livestock production systems.
Resumen Introducción. Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud, la ganadería es una actividad antrópica profesional en la que los trabajadores se ven expuestos a diversos agentes zoonóticos. Objetivos. Determinar la frecuencia de seropositividad (anticuerpos IgG) frente a algunos agentes zoonóticos en personas con exposición ocupacional a la ganadería en San Pedro de los Milagros (Antioquia) y analizar los factores asociados. Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo realizado en una población de 328 productores ganaderos. Se recolectaron datos demográficos; se determinó la frecuencia de seropositividad de anticuerpos IgG de Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia chaffensis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Coxiella burnetii, Francisella tularensis, Brucella abortus, Brucella suis, Leptospira interrogans y Toxoplasma gondii, y se calcularon prevalencias globales y específicas, razones de prevalencia y regresiones logísticas binarias. Resultados. Las frecuencias más altas de seropositividad fueron 47.6% para T. gondii, 33.5% para B. burgdorferi y 13% para E. chaffensis. Las prevalencias de T. gondii y B. burgdorferi presentaron asociación estadística con el sexo (RP: 1.3 (IC: 1.0-1.8) y 2.0 (IC: 1.1-3.9), respectivamente) y el grupo etario (RP:1.5 (IC: 1.2-1.9) y 2.5 (IC: 1.4-6.4) respectivamente). En trabajadores con más de diez años en la labor la asociación estadística fue de 50% (RP:1.5 (IC:1.2-1.9) y 2.5 (IC:1.6-2.3), respectivamente). No hubo resultados de seropositividad para B. abortus, B. suis, B. bovis y B. bigemina. Conclusiones. Se evidenció exposición a algunos agentes zoonóticos, lo que resulta determinante para el conocimiento de las enfermedades zoonóticas tropicales transmitidas por vectores en la ganadería.
ABSTRACT
Resumen Las mejoras en el suministro de agua son oportunidades para solucionar problemas de salud pública. De ahí la importancia de establecer modelos de evaluación y gestión integral que garanticen su calidad. Actualmente hay múltiples metodologías para detectar la contaminación microbiana en el agua. Sin embargo, los elevados costos que representan, los tiempos de análisis y aislamiento en cultivo de microorganismos han sido obstáculo para establecer la calidad microbiana del agua para consumo humano. El uso de microorganismos bioindicadores de calidad del agua disminuye los costos y facilita la implementación de medidas eficientes de tratamiento, control del agua y de enfermedades asociadas a su transmisión. El objetivo de la revisión fue describir los principales indicadores microbiológicos empleados para la evaluación del agua potable, como elementos clave para proponer un nuevo esquema de monitoreo en Colombia. Los resultados reflejan considerar como bioindicadores, además de las bacterias y protozoos ya establecidos en la norma, algunos agentes microbianos no considerados, como virus u otras bacterias y parásitos. Por otro lado, indican la necesidad de establecer valores de referencia y definir los microorganismos a emplear con base en evaluaciones específicas de la situación microbiana del agua en monitoreos de validación, operación y verificación. Esta revisión aporta información importante para la actualización de la norma colombiana con base en el conocimiento de estándares internacionales, nacionales y locales.
Abstract Upgrading water supplies is an opportunity to resolve health care problems. Thus, this shows the importance of establishing comprehensive evaluation and management models to guarantee quality. Currently, there are numerous methodologies to detect microbial water contamination. Nevertheless, the high cost, which analysis time and isolation in microorganism cultures represent, has been an obstacle to establish microbial water quality for human consumption. The use of microorganisms that are bio indicators of water quality decreases costs and facilitates the implementation of efficient treatment measures, water control and control of diseases associated to transmission. The objective of the review was to describe the main microbiological indicators used to evaluate drinking water as key items to propose a new monitoring schema in Colombia. Results reflect the need to consider some microbial agents that were previously not considered like viruses and other bacteria and parasites, bio indicators, in addition to bacteria and protozoans already established in the norm. On the other hand, they indicate the need to establish reference values and define the microorganisms, which will be used based on specific evaluations of the microbial situation of the water in monitoring to validate, operate and verify. This review contributes important information to update Colombian norms based on knowledge of international, national and local standards.
Resumo As melhoras na provisão da água são chances para solucionar dificuldades na saúde pública. Daí o relevo de estabelecer modelos de avaliação e gestão integral que garantissem a sua qualidade. Atualmente ha múltiplas metodologias para detecção da contaminação microbiana na água. Contudo os elevados custos que representam, os tempos de análises e isolamento em cultivo dos microrganismos tem sido barragem para estabelecer a qualidade microbiana da água para ingesta humana. Ser utente dos micro-organismos bio indicadores da qualidade da água diminui os custos e ameniza a implementação de medidas eficientes de tratamento, controle da água e das doenças associadas a sua transmissão. O propósito da revisão foi descrever os mais relevantes indicadores microbiológicos empregados pra avaliação da água potável, como elementos chave para propor um novo esquema de monitoramento na Colômbia. Os resultados espelham considerar como bio indicadores, além das bactérias e os protozoários já estabelecidos na norma, alguns agentes microbianos não considerados, como vírus ou outras bactérias e parasitos. Por um outro lado, assinalam a necessidade de estabelecer valores de referencia e definir os microrganismos dos quais serão utentes com base nas avaliações específicas da situação microbiana da água nos monitoramentos de validação, operação e verificação. Esta revisão verba informação a relevar pra atualização da normatividade colombiana baseada no conhecimento dos padrões internacionais, nacionais e locais.
ABSTRACT
Babesia sp. is a protozoan hemoparasite that affects livestock worldwide. The Colombian Middle Magdalena is an enzootic region for babesiosis, but there is no previous research providing detail on its transmission cycle. This study aims to assess some Babesia sp. infection indicators in cattle and ticks from the area, by using direct microscopic and molecular techniques to detect the infection. In the cattle, 59.9% and 3.4 % positivity values for B. bigemina and mixed infection (B. bovis + B. bigemina) were found respectively. In ticks, the positivity of B. bigemina reached 79.2% and 9.4% for the mixed infection. The degree of infestation in the region was 3.2 ticks per bovine. There was positive correlation between tick control acaricide frequencies and infestation in bovines. This leads us to infer that control periodicity greater than 90 days, in stable zones, is an abiotic factor that benefits the acquisition of protective immunity in calves, the natural control of the infection and eventual disease absence. It is necessary to monitor the disease by applying new entomological and parasitological indicators showing the complexity of this phenomenon.